Housing inequalities and resilience: the lived experience of COVID-19

COVID-19 policy responses have intensified the use of housing as a spatial and material defence against community spread of infection. In so doing, they have focussed attention upon pre-existing inequalities and the effects of socio-economic management of COVID-19. This paper draws upon individual households' accounts to explore these effects on housing inequalities, and then adapts a critical resilience framework from disaster response in order to examine the implications for policymaking. The empirical work centres upon a case study of lived experiences of COVID-19-constrained conditions, based on a longitudinal-style study combining semi-structured interviews with 40 households, photographs and household tours at two datapoints (before/during COVID-19) in Victoria, Australia. The study reveals how these households were impacted across four domains: (1) employment, finances, services, and mobilities;(2) homemaking including comfort and energy bills, food and provisioning, and home-schooling/working from home;(3) relationships, care and privacy, and;(4) social, physical and mental health. The interviews also indicate how households coped and experienced relief payments and other related support policies during COVID-19. Drawing upon literature on disaster response, we highlight the centrality of vulnerability and resilience in recognising household exposure and sensitivity to COVID-19, and capabilities in coping. From this analysis, gaps in COVID-19 housing and welfare policy are exposed and guide a discussion for future housing policy interventions and pandemic planning.

Dangerous liaisons? Applying the social harm perspective to the social inequality, housing and health trifecta during the Covid-19 pandemic

Global rates of excess mortality attributable to the Covid-19 pandemic provide a fresh impetus to make sense of the associations between income inequality, housing inequality and the social gradient in health, suggesting new questions about the ways in which housing and health are treated in the framing and development of public policy. The first half of the paper uses a social harm lens to examine the threefold associations of the social inequality, housing and health trifecta and offers new insights for policy analysis which foregrounds the production, transmission, and experience of various types of harm which occur within the home. The main body of the paper then draws upon the outcomes of an international systematic literature mapping review of 213 Covid-19 research papers to demonstrate three specific harms associated with stay-at-home lockdowns: (i) intimate partner and domestic violence, (ii) poor mental health and (iii) health harming behaviours. The reported findings are interpreted using a social harm perspective and some implications for policy analysis are illustrated. The paper concludes with a reflection on the efficacy of social harm as a lens for policy analysis and suggests directions for further research in housing studies and zemiology.

"Home away from home” in pandemic times: how has COVID-19 changed the Airbnb market in Melbourne?

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted and changed Airbnb market in the Greater Melbourne area in terms of its temporal and spatial patterns and identify possible shifts in underlying trends in travel activities.Design/methodology/approachA panel data set of Airbnb listings in Melbourne is analysed to compare temporal patterns, spatial distribution and lengths of stay of Airbnb users before and after the COVID outbreak.FindingsThis study found that the COVID disruption did not fundamentally change the temporal cycle of the Airbnb market. Month-to-month fluctuations peaked at different levels from pre-pandemic times mainly because of lockdowns and other restrictive measures. The impact of COVID-19 disruptions on neighbourhood-level Airbnb revenues is associated with distance to CBD rather than number of COVID cases. Inner city suburbs suffered major loss during the pandemic, whereas outer suburbs gained popularity due to increased domestic travel and long stays. Long stays (28 days or more, as defined by Airbnb) were the fastest growing segment during the pandemic, which indicates the Airbnb market was adapting to increasing demand for purposes like remote working or lifestyle change. After easing of COVID-related restrictions, demand for short-term accommodation quickly recovered, but supply has not shown signs of strong recovery. Spatial distribution of post-pandemic supply recovery shows a similar spatial variation. Neighbourhoods in the inner city have not shown signs of significant recovery, whereas those in the middle and outer rings are either slowly recovering or approaching their pre-COVID levels.Practical implicationsThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted short-term rental markets and in particular the Airbnb sector during the phase of its rapid development. This paper helps inform in- and post-pandemic housing policy, market opportunity and investment decision.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to empirically examine both temporal and spatial patterns of the COVID-19 impact on Airbnb market in one of the most severely impacted major cities. It is one of the first attempts to identify shifts in underlying trends in travel based on Airbnb data.

Irreparable Damage: International Housing Rights and Local Housing Struggles in Rome after 2020

The recent interventions of the UN High Commissioner of Human Rights (OHCHR) to suspend evictions of tenants in Rome, Italy, allows us to shed light into the forthcoming social catastrophe caused by Italian housing policies, and into the new advancements of social movements for housing. As two scholar-activists involved both in research on housing and in political actions to prevent evictions, we describe how housing movements in Rome are facing the contradictions between local and international discourses on the right to housing.

Housing Activism and Urban Space during the Covid19 Pandemic. Research Notes on the Bairro of Arroios, Lisbon

This paper presents some research notes from an on-going project on housing activism in Lisbon in the last decade, describing its ascendant trajectory (2012-2019) and the impact that the Covid epidemic had on the local activist community (2020-2022). In particular, the paper focuses on two of the main protagonists of local housing activism, the association Habita and the collective Stop Despejos, and on the relation that they have developed in time with an ecosystem (of sites, groups, projects) that have developed in the last ten years in the neighbourhood of Arroios, which have found a characteristic spatial infrastructure in the coletividades (a Portuguese expression that identifies spaces managed by no-profit associations or collectives). The paper examines this relation against the background of two bodies of literature, namely contributions that have examined (i) the nexus between collective action and space and (ii) the different forms of political agency represented by the conceptual pole of "contentious" and "everyday politics". This research is based on extensive data collection (through ethnographic notes, documental analysis, and in-depth interviews, 2020-2022) and on the authors' status of insiders in the process observed.

Housing and homelessness policy responses to COVID-19 in Ireland: A social policy perspective

The housing rights approach supplies a normative basis for policy interventions in housing systems, including at the level of tenure relations. In the case of COVID-19 in the Republic of Ireland, policy responses to the challenges posed by COVID-19 to homeless and precariously-housed populations are described and discussed. While a path-dependency explanation fits the successful policy interventions to protect the health of the homeless population, eviction and rent freezes for the precariously housed population constitute a policy aberration in response to the public health emergency. The prospects of more fully vindicating housing rights for homeless and precariously housed populations in Ireland, as the public health measures begin to be relaxed, are considered in the final section. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Comparative Study on Socio-Spatial Structures of the Typical Plain Cities of Chengdu and Beijing in Transitional China

China's socioeconomic transformation and rapid urbanization since the end of the 20th Century have had an important impact on the social spatial structure of large cities. Social differentiation within cities is becoming increasingly prominent. Using detailed data gathered by the Fifth National Population Census of 2000, this study compares the social spatial structure and dynamic mechanisms of the core areas of the cities of Beijing and Chengdu. Factorial ecology analysis is used at the mesoscale to explore the following research questions: ‘How did factors shape the social spaces of two cities with similar topography but at different stages of development during China's transition from a planned to a market economy?';and ‘Are the traditional Western theories of socio-spatial interpretation equally applicable to China?'. The results show that Chengdu exhibits a combination of a concentric circle, fan-shaped, and multi-core socio-spatial structure, while Beijing shows a fan-shaped structure. In 2000, influenced by its overall level and stage of socioeconomic development, Beijing was experiencing a faster socio-spatial transformation than Chengdu, and the driving effect of capital on social differentiation and spatial competition was more obvious. The main dynamic mechanisms driving the formation of socio-spatial structures in Beijing and Chengdu include the natural environmental foundation, historical inheritance, urban planning, housing policies, and international influence. The three major variables in the study of traditional Western social spaces, namely economy, family, and ethnic status, were confirmed as applicable to our two case study cities with socioeconomic status as measured by occupation and housing conditions exerting the strongest effect. This perspective of comparing different cities in the same transitional period offers unique insights in identifying the key drivers of socio-spatial differentiation and polarization and their relative magnitude of effect, while enriching the catalog of empirical urban social space research both in China and in the rest of the world.

Housing and choice in Iquique and Alto Hospicio, Chile: Possibilities and limitations regarding the 2030 agenda and SDG 11

Access to housing, more than an enforceable right, has become a multidimensional problem in Chile. Faced with the impossibility of obtaining housing through subsidies, informal settlements—camps and land grabs—have expanded through the country's different cities since 2019. Given the evident collision with the Sustainable Development Goals (in particular Goal 11) commitments to sustainable cities, the Chilean State has increased its housing budget since 2020 to reactivate investment during the COVID-19 pandemic and expand the housing access alternatives for lower-class families with few possibilities chances of obtaining a bank mortgage. But is it possible to choose housing in contexts like the one described? In addition to environmental difficulties, cities in northern Chile, wedged between the sea and the desert, need to produce a socially sustainable environment in accordance with the requirements of complex, dynamic systems under permanent pressure to generate wellbeing. This manuscript seeks to explore and analyze these tensions in the cities of Iquique and Alto Hospicio, in Chile's Tarapacá Region. They form a dynamic conurbation, where daily mobility and the dispute over access to housing clash with the choice offered by the different subsidy programs and the expansion of camps on the edges of the desert. So, how far or how close is SDG 11 in places like these? Is there a viable alternative for urban sustainability in precarious spaces? Copyright © 2023 Alvarado Peterson and Rojo-Mendoza.

Shared and Crowded Housing in the Bay Area: Where Gentrification and the Housing Crisis Meet COVID-19

Amid the growing affordable housing crisis and widespread gentrification over the last decade, people have been moving less than before and increasingly live in shared and often crowded households across the U.S. Crowded housing has various negative health implications, including stress, sleep disorders, and infectious diseases. Difference-in-difference analysis of a unique, large-scale longitudinal consumer credit database of over 450,000 San Francisco Bay Area residents from 2002 to 2020 shows gentrification affects the probability of residents shifting to crowded households across the socioeconomic spectrum but in different ways than expected. Gentrification is negatively associated with low- socioeconomic status (SES) residents' probability of entering crowded households, and this is largely explained by increased shifts to crowded households in neighborhoods outside of major cities showing early signs of gentrification. Conversely, gentrification is associated with increases in the probability that middle-SES residents enter crowded households, primarily in Silicon Valley. Lastly, crowding is positively associated with COVID-19 case rates, beyond density and socioeconomic and racial composition in neighborhoods, although the role of gentrification remains unclear. Housing policies that mitigate crowding can serve as early interventions in displacement prevention and reducing health inequities.

COVID-19 and Homelessness: Response of South African Municipalities during First Wave of the Pandemic

The coronavirus is a quintessentially urban pandemic that wreaked havoc in all social settings, from villages to cities. Homelessness can create an ideal environment for the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 within this vulnerable group. The current pandemic has exposed the inaccessibility of healthcare services by those experiencing homelessness. As such, this paper uses an event methodology to examine how (1) local municipalities have responded to homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) the extent of the involvement of civil society groups across Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg. It also compares each city's policy frameworks and strategies to identify the challenges and successes experienced. Findings suggest that although a cookie-cutter technique does not exist for addressing homelessness during the current pandemic, there are valuable lessons to be learnt such as the use of public-private partnerships with shared responsibility. It is hoped that through the findings of this research, future local, provincial and national homelessness housing policy could avoid the barriers that will arise in addressing homelessness.

Early impact of Covid-19 on private sector employees finance homeownership in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Purpose>For almost two years, the economic shocks and financial uncertainty created by the Covid-19 pandemic have affected all sectors. The private sector employees may be the worst hit. This is because of the lockdown across many countries, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), leading to income irregularities. Studies exploring private-sector employees concerning housing finance for the houses purchased and how the lockdown has affected their sources of income for repayment plans are scarce. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the possible early negative impacts of Covid-19 on private sector employees' housing finance homeownership in KSA.Design/methodology/approach>A phenomenology type of qualitative research was used. Data were sourced from three cities (Riyadh, Al-Qassim and Medina) and three mortgage banks across KSA. Virtual interviews via Zoom and WhatsApp video calls were conducted with engaged participants (bankers, government agencies and private sector employees). Thematic analysis was adopted, and the analysed data was presented in themes.Findings>Findings show that the partial and full lockdown resulted in income irregularities in many private businesses. Also, findings identified downsizing, leading to large-scale unemployment, half-monthly income for employees, loss of profit, human resources wastage, etc. Findings reveal that because of the economic shock, many homeowners have not been able to meet up with their monthly mortgage repayment obligation. Also, the absence of financial support in form of socioeconomic needs has not helped the matter.Research limitations/implications>The paper is limited to the early negative impacts of Covid-19 on private sector employees' housing finance homeownership in KSA and data collected via Zoom and WhatsApp video calls across the three main cities. The recommendations that will emerge from this study may be adopted by other Gulf and Islamic countries with similar homeownership repayment challenges.Practical implications>This study would stir key stakeholders, especially the policymakers and mortgage institutions to consider future policy principles that focus on who is at the highest risk for housing-related hardships because of the Covid-19 or future pandemic. The outcome can be used to develop an equitable housing policy framework to foster long-term economic mobility and be validated in the future by scholars.Originality/value>Similar research in this area is limited, which makes this study one of the pioneering attempts to investigate the early negative impacts of Covid-19 on private sector employees' housing finance homeownership in KSA. The paper sheds light on the emerged early negative impacts and proffer feasible possible solutions to promote homeownership amongst Saudi citizens.

Inefficiencies in the delivery of low-income housing in South Africa: is governance the missing link? A review of literature

South Africa is one of the most urbanised and highly industrialised countries in Africa, with over 61% of the population in the urban areas. Moreover, poor access to housing manifests through informal settlements, slums and backyard dwellings mainly in the cities. While several housing policy interventions have been developed, the housing backlog is estimated at more than 2 million. The Covid-19 pandemic has massified problems resultant to shortage of housing, and the quality of housing across income levels, with low-income groups being the most affected. This paper locates governance discourse in housing development, acknowledging that the concept is used both in the academic discourse and general discussions on how institutions manage their business, including broader societal structures. The paper argues that governance is the missing ingredient in the current policy interventions towards delivery of low-income housing in South Africa. Using selected case studies from literature, this paper analyses and discusses low-income housing delivery processes and systems. Key findings are that housing delivery processes largely exclude governance principles primarily stakeholder participation, accountability and transparency. Notable is that government remains the sole actor in the identification and addressing housing needs, and this results in community resistance during implementation of projects.

Measuring the housing sector’s contribution to GDP in emerging market countries

Purpose>This paper aims to document the economic importance of the housing sector, as measured by its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP), which is not fully recognized. In response to the joint economic and health crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an opportunity for emerging market countries to develop and implement inclusive housing strategies that stimulate the economy and improve community health outcomes. However, so far housing does not feature prominently in the recovery plans of many emerging market countries.Design/methodology/approach>This paper uses national account data and informal housing estimates for 11 emerging market economies to estimate the contribution of housing investments and housing services to the GDP of these countries.Findings>This paper finds that the combined contribution of housing investments and housing services represents between 6.9% and 18.5% of GDP, averaging 13.1% in the countries with information about both. This puts the housing sector roughly on par with other key sectors such as manufacturing. In addition, if the informal housing sector is undercounted in the official national account figures used in this analysis by 50% or 100%, for example, then the true averages of housing investments and housing services’ contribution to GDP would increase to 14.3% or 16.1% of GDP, respectively.Research limitations/implications>Further efforts to improve data collection about housing investments and consumption, particularly imputed rent for owner occupiers and informal activity require national government to conduct regular household and housing surveys. Researcher can help make these surveys more robust and leverage new data sources such as scraped housing price and rent data to complement traditional surveys. Better data are needed in order to capture housing contribution to the economy.Practical implications>The size of the housing sector and its impact in terms of employment and community resilience indicate the potential of inclusive housing investments to both serve short-term economic stimulus and increase long-term community resilience.Originality/value>The role of housing in the economy is often limited to housing investment, despite the importance of housing services and well-documented methodologies to include them. This analysis highlights the importance of housing to the economy of emerging market countries (in addition to all the non-GDP related impact of housing on welfare) and indicate data limitation that need to be addressed to further strengthen the case for focusing on housing as part of economic recovery plans.

The Correlation between Monetary Policy and Housing Price Change Based on a VAR Model

In early 2020, the global economy was severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Governments, including China, have adopted expansionary fiscal policies to stimulate demand and quantitative easing to increase the money supply to boost the economy by lowering lending rates. This paper starts from the influence of monetary policy on housing price mechanism, tries to explore the monetary policy on interest rate and money supply, finally establishes the VAR model, empirically analyzes the effectiveness of the impact of monetary policy on housing price changes, and makes a policy suggestion to demonstrate the necessity of consideration when stimulating the economy, to avoid housing price rise too fast, which affects the people's livelihood, and to have a negative impact on social sustainable development. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Mathematical Problems in Engineering is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Domus aurea: The Right to Housing in Times of Pandemic between Rights and Deprivation

To avoid the risk of contagion and contain the spread of the virus, the pandemic crisis has been managed with stay-at-home and lockdown orders. Emergency situations are not faced in the same way by everyone, and this depends on the means available. A lockdown in an unhealthy, small, inadequate home is not the best condition for dealing with a health crisis. In times like these, the right to housing proves to be even more fundamental as a subjective right and as a precondition for the enjoyment of other fundamental rights as health and education. In this paper, some reflections on the pandemic are accompanied by the normative analysis of the right to housing in Italy and abroad in order to highlight how fundamental it is especially in time of crisis. © 2022 Societa Editrice Il Mulino. All Rights Reserved.

Pandemide Barınma

Günümüzde Covid-19 nedeniyle yaşamakta olduǧumuz pandemide artan yoksulluk koşullarında saǧlıklı bir şekilde yaşanabilir barınma imkânlarına kavuşabilmek her zamankinden daha güç hale gelmişken;ancak aynı zamanda da enfeksiyondan kaçabilmek açısından barınma imkanları hayati önem kazanmıştır. Yoksulluǧun derinleşmesiyle birlikte artan tahliyeler evsizliǧin artışına ve beraberinde COVID-19 bulaşmasında da yükselmeye yol açabilmektedir. Ayrıca dünya örnekleri barınma yerindeki kalabalık ve saǧlıksız yaşam koşullarının da COVID-19 enfeksiyon ve ölüm oranlarının artmasına neden olabileceǧini göstermektedir. Pandemide barınaklarda yaşayanlar, uygunsuz evlerde barınanlar, evsizler, işsizler, ev kredisini ödeyemeyenler, işçiler, mülteciler gibi toplumun en yoksul kesimleri büyük bir tehdit altındadır. Makalede dünya genelinde gelir bölüşümündeki adaletsizliǧin bir yansıma alanı olarak barınma sorunu ve bu sorunun çözümüne yönelik oluşturulan kamu temelli konut politikalarının etkileri, özellikle de sosyal konutlar baǧlamında tarihsel çerçevede ve günümüz pandemi koşullarında dünya örnekleri incelenerek tartışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda makalenin amacı, hukuki çerçeve, tarihsel arka plan ve ülke örneklerine dayanarak barınma sorununun devlet politikaları aracılıǧıyla çözümünün mümkün olup olmadıǧının araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde barınma sorununa kalıcı çözümlerin, yani kamusal politikalar aracılıǧıyla, özellikle de sosyal konut sunularak bireylere ihtiyaç duyulan konutun erişilebilir kılınmasının kapitalist sistemin kar amaçlı genel işleyiş mantıǧıyla çatışmalı olduǧu sonucuna varılmıştır.Alternate :In the context of the increasing poverty rate due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become more difficult than ever to access housing opportunities. However, housing is a vital requisite for keeping oneself safe from the infection risk. Increasing poverty can increase homelessness and consequently the transmission of COVID-19. In addition, crowded and unsanitary living conditions can increase COVID-19 infection and death rates. In this article, the problem of housing as a reflection of the injustice in income distribution around the world and the effects of public-based housing policies created to solve this problem are discussed within the context of the historical framework and today's pandemic conditions. In this context, the article aims to investigate whether it is possible to solve the housing problem through state interventions based on the legal framework, historical background, and country examples. This article concludes that permanent solutions to the housing problem, which is making the necessary housing accessible to individuals through public policies, especially by providing social houses, are in conflict with the profit-oriented general operating logic of the capitalist system.

An exploration of off-campus private student housing in Praygaraj, India

Purpose By using exploratory mixed methods, this study aims to present the investigation of the existing situation of private off-campus student accommodation at the University of Allahabad (UoA) in Prayagraj city. Design/methodology/approach This study explored the geographical variability of student's private rental housing in Prayagraj city of India through 721 responses from an online semi-structured questionnaire, together with 12 interviews. Moran's I and LISA were used to determine spatial clustering of rents paid by male and female students. Findings Results of this study reveal prevalence of unregulated with poor quality of off-campus housing in general and expensive rents in the proximity of UoA. Research limitations/implications Obtaining less responses from the female students was one of the important limitations. Practical implications A win-win strategy might be formulated with a mix of innovative solutions inclusive of public private partnerships and social economy solutions woven with need-based rental housing, rekindled as the affordable rental housing complexes after COVID-19 pandemic. Social implications This study is highly beneficial to improve liveability in the student housing segment. Originality/value This paper develops extensive understanding on the potential student housing segment in the Indian cities. Additionally, this paper demonstrates weak coordination between the central government policies, educational administrators and municipal officials.

Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership. By Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor,. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. xiv + 349 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. Cloth, $30.00. ISBN: 978-1-469-65366-2

Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership chronicles an often overlooked period in the affordable housing literature to show how the shift from racially exclusive housing policies in the 1940s and 1950s (where it was nearly impossible for Blacks to buy high-appreciating homes using low-cost and low-risk federally insured mortgages) to a regime of more inclusive policies in the late 1960s and 1970s laid the foundation for Blacks to lose massive housing wealth decades later during the 2007–2009 Great Recession. [...]instead of finding ways to increase the supply of public housing, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) adopted federal housing policies, which continue to this day, that depend on public-private ventures (like Housing Choice vouchers) to house the poor. [...]the book's greatest contribution to the affordable-housing literature is Taylor's blistering account of Nixon administration decisions that forever ceded control of federal housing policies to private mortgage bankers, real estate agents, home builders, speculators, and appraisers (a cabal I label the real estate industrial complex, or REIC).

Green Housing Subsidy Strategies Considering Consumers’ Green Preference

In order to address the environmental impact of building carbon emissions, some developed countries have established certification standards for green housing. However, in many other countries, the green housing and the traditional housing may coexist in the market, and consumers’ willingness to buy the green housing can be different. This paper constructs a duopoly game model that includes a green developer and a traditional developer considering the heterogeneity of consumers’ green preferences and studies how mandatory green standards and subsidies affect the green developer’s pricing decision, profits and the carbon emission reductions of the green housing. The results show that when the marginal cost of green technology is high, raising green standards will hurt the green developer’s profits. Therefore, fiscal subsidies should be considered. The green developer obtains higher profits when subsidizing green consumers. The effectiveness of increasing carbon emission reduction is better when subsidizing the green developer and how to subsidize depends on the cost structure of the green housing. In addition, subsidizing green consumers and the incremental cost of green housing can improve the policy effect of green housing standards. Therefore, a mixed policy of subsidies and green standards can also have a good effect.

Ending Homelessness and Advancing Health Equity: A Public Health of Consequence, March 2022

In parallel, pressing questions for public health advocates, policymakers, and community members seeking to end homelessness will include determining which populations to prioritize for intervention and what interventions will yield the most benefit to intervene on this critical driver of health inequity. [...]there are sufficient resources to end homelessness in the United States, communities will struggle with howto allocate limited homeless services. [...]begins the editorial by Shinn and Richard in this issue of AJPH (p. 378), describing, in the absence of necessary resources, which metrics communities can consider employing to determine how homeless services ought to be allocated. Rather, a comprehensive federal housing policy that provides multilevel solutions to ensure long-term housing support is necessary to narrow the racial and sociostructural inequities in homelessness.3 Long-term and sustainable change requires overhauling local eviction laws in states that have highly punitive eviction policies, enacting rent control in urban neighborhoods where housing prices have increased dramatically and far outpaced low- and middleincome wages and increased tenant protections, and significantly expanding housing vouchers as well as greater investment in affordable housing stock to make housing available for individuals and families.